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How to Write a Compare and Contrast Paper Essay Example

The most effective method to Write a Compare and Contrast Paper Essay Example The most effective method to Write a Compare and Contrast Paper Essay The most effective method to Write a Compare and Contrast Paper Essay The Compare/Contrast Essay First, let’s clarify investigate: When we analyze, we show our perusers a subjects similitudes. At the point when we differentiate, we show our perusers a subjects contrasts. Thoroughly analyze expositions are learning-process articles. You find out about your subject as you accumulate and sort out data. This sort of paper takes a touch of association, and its this authoritative procedure, this social affair of realities, that causes you learn as you go. You will make arrangements of characteristics or qualities that every one of your subjects has, and as you do this, you will find bits of knowledge to your subject that, from the start, you might not have acknowledged were there. It’s like purchasing another shirt. The second you spread it out on your bed, you begin seeing things you hadnt saw in the store. Maybe a catch is free, or the pocket is torn, or its a size too enormous. In any case, theres more! As an insightful, testing essayist youre going to pose inquiries of this shirt: why, what, where, when, how, who. Why are fastens on the neckline? What other sort of shirt does this shirt help you to remember? Where was it made? When was it made? How could it get to your store and into your hands? Who made it? The inquiries are unending. In any case, you should request that they comprehend your subject. Utilizing why, what, where, when, how, who, you to test into the center and the explanation this shirt exists. A similar kind of testing and revealing will transpire as you diagram your subjects characteristics. You’ll find a wide range of new things as you inquire as to why, what, where, when, how, who, and as you reveal these new focuses, your exposition will change. At long last, most papers end up far not the same as anticipated. Your Thesis You will offer a postulation, as in a pugnacious exposition, however in this article, your theory establishes the pace of your paper. At the end of the day, through your theory, you need the peruser to comprehend what you intend to think about or differentiate. Keep it straightforward: Your theory will be a couple of sentences on what you need to offer (your subject), and if you’re looking at or differentiating. Beginning If conceivable, locate a fascinating subject about which you can compose. This is significant in light of the fact that your excitement will appear in your work. This paper requires a layout show: you are going to list the characteristics of the two subjects, characteristics that can be looked at, differentiated, or shared. For instance: lets express your looking into surfing to snowboarding. Your first occupation is to list the characteristics of each subject. From these characteristics and your understanding, you would then be able to build up your postulation. Characteristics of A: surfing |Shared Qualities |Qualities of B: snowboarding | |surf on water |both utilize a water medium |snowboard on snow | |need wetsuits and trunks |both require uncommon apparel |need winter garments and boots | A proposition that will establish the pace of your article for the characteristics above may peruse: Though surfing and snowboarding are done in various seasons, these games have a b igger number of similitudes than contrasts. Obviously, the rundown above is deficient, and, maybe, not as scholastic is we would need it to be. In any case, it’s a beginning. You continue posting characteristics until you trust you have enough data to compose a legitimate paper. A rundown of five to ten characteristics functions admirably for the normal paper. However, you may need to list twenty characteristics to get five that will work for you. When posting, it is a great idea to try too hard; along these lines, when youre prepared to compose your paper, you can get rid of the characteristics that wont work and pick the best of the pack. Three Parts Opening: You will start your exposition, acquainting the subjects you plan with thoroughly analyze and finishing your clench hand passage with your proposition. Body: message by content (first talk about the entirety of An and afterward examine the entirety of B) or point by point (shift back and forth among An and B). In this class you will adhere to point by point. Furthermore, you will either think about or differentiate, not both. Be cautious, now and then going point by point can make your composing sound monotonous and redundant. Watch your language and change words. Utilize a few focuses at once. Consummation: As in the factious article, unite everything. Permit your closure of return to your proposal. Utilize the transitional words on the following page to help your paper’s soundness. Advances and other associating words and interfacing sentences ought to be utilized all through. Keep in mind: There are no rigid principles concerning what number of correlations or differences you should offer. For an intensive investigate your subject, you should offer enough correlations or differences or both to offer a legitimate expression. Transitional Words (Conjunctival Adverbs) Use these words to assist you with associating your musings, your sentences, and your passages: (Lest you wish to sound punctilious, pussyfoot with alert through words, for example, without a doubt, and obviously. ) expansion once more, additionally, and, and afterward, plus, similarly significant, at long last, first, further, besides, what's more, in any case, last, in addition, one, second from now, still, too examination additionally, similarly, in like manner, comparably concession without a doubt, normally, obviously differentiate lthough, but, simultaneously, and yet, in spite of that, all things considered, despite the fact that, for all that, in any case, interestingly, disregarding, rather, by and by, in any case, in actuality, then again, in any case, in any case, still, however, yet accentuation unquestionably, in reality, truth be told, obviously model or delineation all things considered, as a representation, even, for instance, for, all in all, for sure, indeed, as such, to put it plainly, it is valid, obviously, to be specific, explicitly, that is, to show, in this way, genuinely rundown ll taking all things together, out and out, as has been stated, at last, to sum things, taking everything into account, as it were, specifically, to put it plainly, in more straightforward terms, in synopsis, all in all, that is, hence, to put it in an unexpected way, to sum up time grouping sooner or later, a short time later, once more, likewise, and afterward, as long as, finally, finally, around then, previously, in addition, prior, in the long run, at last, in the past, further, moreover, what's more, in any case, before, last, of late, in the mean time, in addition, next, presently, directly, second, in the blink of an eye, all the while, since, up until now, soon, still, consequently, at that point, from that point, as well, until, as of not long ago, when Compare Contrast Grid Subject A | Shared Qualities | Subje ct B | | | Outline Form for Compare Contrast Essays Thesis Statement ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Quality #1 for section #2 Specific support_______________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Comparative/Contrasting Qualities for passage #2 Explicit support_______________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Quality #2 for passage #3 Specific support_______________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Comparative/Contrasting Qualities for section #3 Specific support_______________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Quality #3 for passage #4 _______________________________________________________ Specific support_______________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Comparative/Contrasting Qualities for passage #4 Specific support_______________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Conclusion ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Co mpare or Contrast Checklist ______I have made it understood in my initial section what two things I will expound on and whether I will analyze or differentiate. ______I offered a decent solid theory telling the peruser what I intend to look at or differentiate. _____I have offered three focuses in which I will investigate my two subjects _____ I adhered to my strategy for advancement: looking, all together, at each side in turn. _____I have utilized change words as I moved to each subject and from passage to section, so my article peruses easily like water moving down a slope. There are no unexpected changes of subjects without smoothly progressing into them. ______My closing passage ties my two subjects together and takes me back to the theory of my article. ______My straightforward sentences offer one idea as it were. ______I differ my sentences. I make a point to utilize compound and complex sentences, so my article has a melodic quality to it, however I don't try too hard. ______I have inspected my article and expelled every single excess word. I maintained a strategic distance from longwindedness and adhered to concision. Agenda ______Prewriting ______Grid (contrasting characteristics) ______Outline ______Rough draft ______Edited drafts (with adjustment marks) Evaluate Your Essay _______ Read the exposition once without offering any remark _______Draw a line under any clumsy wording that is hard to comprehend _______Draw a two lines under flawed spelling or language structure _______Highligh

How to Build Credit When You Have No Credit at All

How to Build Credit When You Have No Credit at All How to Build Credit When You Have No Credit at All How to Build Credit When You Have No Credit at AllFixing a bad credit score is one thing, but what if you don’t have any credit score at all? Can you really make credit from nothing? Of course, you can!Were not breaking any news here when we tell you that your credit score is very important. But it’s still very important! At some point, you’re probably going to need a personal loan or a credit card or you’re going to want to sign a lease. Unless of course, you can just afford to purchase everything with giant suitcases of cash.But if you could, you probably wouldn’t be reading this article. You’d be too busy working with top engineers in an effort to make your solid gold jet plane actually capable of flight.Still, don’t believe credit is important? Here’s an example of why it’s so valuable, from certified financial planner and Founder and CEO of  Doing Money Right, Byron Ellis:“Have you ever noticed how companies brag about how long they’ve been around? Restaura nts, banks, construction companies… they include ‘Est.’ in their logos and proudly announce the first year they opened their doors. Why?“Because they want to give you a sense of enduring quality, and more importantly, consistency. If a business has managed to survive for decades, it implies that they have been able to keep loyal customers coming back. And they want you to become a loyal customer too!“That’s sort of how credit works. What makes a good credit score is a long history of consistent, regular payments on debt, which reassures lenders that you will make consistent payments in the future.”Now, fixing a bad credit score is one thing, but what if you don’t have a credit score in the first place? Can you really make credit from nothing? Of course, you can! We asked the experts and now we bring the answers to you! Heres  how credit scores work.Your credit score is a number between 300 and 850 that is generated using information from your credit reports, which tr ack your history of borrowing money. You have three different credit reports, one each from the three major credit bureaus, TransUnion, Experian, and Equifax.The higher the number, the more likely lenders will be to believe that you’ll pay back a loan you’ve taken out. It can also be used when you’re  applying for a lease and, in rare cases, when you’re being considered for a job.There are five factors that go into your credit score. In order from most to least important, those factors are payment history, amounts owed, length of credit history, credit mix, and new credit inquiries.So how can you use your knowledge of those factors to create a good credit score out of thin air?Pay your bills on time!As we just told you in the previous section, payment history is the single largest factor in shaping your credit score. That’s why it’s important that, as soon as you have bills, you’re paying those bills on time, right out of the gate.“First, pay your bills on time,” a dvised financial coach and author  Karen Ford. “Any medical bills, utilities, rent, should all be paid on time. Although these aren’t car payments or credit cards, they can still affect any credit you may trying to build.”Avoid overborrowing.You need credit to have a credit history, and that means taking on debt. But not too much debt!“The number one rule of credit is this: Only borrow what you can pay back!” warned Ellis.“Once you’ve started to build up your credit score, lenders will take notice. Keep in mind that they want to loan you money, so they can earn interest, and if you’ve proven that you can make consistent payments, you’re a perfect candidate!“Credit cards, mortgages, vehicle loans … you’ll be approved to borrow much, much more than you can realistically afford to pay back. The average American family carries around $135,000 in debt, $7,000 of which is revolving credit card debt. On top of that, one in 11 say that they don’t think they will ev er be completely free of credit card debt. Don’t fall into the debt trap!“Remember that success is about balance, he added. Figure out how much you can afford to spend on a monthly basisâ€"AFTER doing things like saving for retirementâ€"and then whatever is left over can go towards debt payments.”Youll need to start slow.If you don’t have any credit, you may not be able to qualify for personal installment loans with reasonable interest rates. But there is a way to take on good debt to build up your credit without having to deal with sky-high Annual Percentage Ratings (APRs), which is the full cost of a loan in a given year including fees and interest.“Get a secured credit card,” recommended Smart Shopping Expert Trae Bodge. “Building credit is all about using credit and a secured credit card is a good way to do that. With secured cards, you start with funds you deposit, and then you pay back what you spend.”You can also hop onto an already existing card.“Become an authorized user,” suggested Katie Ross, Education and Development Manager at  American Consumer Credit Counseling, or ACCC. “Obtain credit in your name as an authorized user on a parent/guardian’s account. This will help you build credit until you are able to qualify for credit on your own.”However, even if you’re paying off your credit card bill in full each month, as you should, you still don’t want to charge too much on it.“Don’t max out your cards,” Ross told us. “Maintain a good credit utilization ratio (don’t exceed 30 percent of the credit that’s available to you).”Be careful how many accounts you open.While you may be tempted to open as many accounts as possible to grow your credit score as soon as possible, this is not a good move!“We’ve mentioned several great options for building your credit score up from zero, but they all have one thing in common: they take time,” Ellis explained. “If you’re impatient like I am, you might think ‘hey , if I open two or three of these accounts at once, that will build my credit twice as fast!’ Right?“Let me tell you … definitely not! Here’s why. Every time you apply for new credit, the lender will pull your full credit report from the credit bureaus I mentioned earlier. This is called a Hard Inquiry and it’s visible to other lenders. “When lenders see multiple Hard Inquiries back-to-back, they know that you have added additional debt in a short period of time.“And that makes them nervous! Their primary concern is getting their money back, and the more debt you add at once, the higher the likelihood that you will stop paying on at least one of those loans.“Have you ever had a favorite local restaurant that tried to grow too fast, opened up a bunch of new locations at once, and failed because they couldn’t maintain the same quality as before Bingo! Don’t stretch yourself too thin.”Ross echoed that advice: “Limit the number of open accounts. Apply for and ope n new credit card accounts only when it is truly necessary. Too many opened accounts can send a negative message to your potential lenders.”Don’t get ahead of yourself.You’re not suddenly going to have a great credit score overnight. And that’s OK.“Start small,” advised Ford. “The amount you end of charging is small in comparison to you paying on time. Whether you charge a lot or a little, make the payments on time as this will build credit.”It isn’t always easy to build up your credit, but it’ll be worth it in the long run. When a financial emergency strikes, nonexistent or bad credit could leave you stuck with predatory bad credit loans and no credit check loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances in order to make ends meet.To learn more about how your credit score worksâ€"and what you can do to improve itâ€"check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:What Are the Side Effects of Bad Credit?No Credit Card? Here Are 6 Ways You Can Stil l Fix Your Credit ScoreCredit Utilization Ratio: What It Is, Why It’s Important, and How to Master ItWant to Raise Your Credit Score by 50 Points? Here Are Some TipsDo you have a question about credit scores youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsTrae Bodge (@truetrae) is an accomplished lifestyle journalist and TV commentator who specializes in smart shopping, personal finance, beauty, toys, parenting,  and retail. In addition to monthly Best Buys segments on CBS2 NY, Fox 5 NY and ABC/WJLA in DC, she has appeared on dozens of TV shows, including Rachael Ray, Inside Edition, CNBC and network affiliates nationwide. Trae has been named a Top Voice in Retail by LinkedIn and a top personal finance expert by GoBankingRates and FlexJobs. She is a contributing editor at Womans Day magazine and her writing and expert commentary have also appeared in Forbes, USNews.com, Kiplingers, Marketwatch, MSN Money, Yahoo Finance, V ICE Guide to Life and numerous others.Byron Ellis (@byronellistweet) is the Managing Director at United Capital Financial Life Management  (@United_Capital) and the Founder/CEO of  Doing Money Right.  He has been helping families with their Financial Life Management since 1989 and has built and grown one of the most successful firms in the entire country! Byron  lives in Woodland Texas where he has a weekly financial column in The Villager and Courier, two local newspapers.Karen Ford is a Master Financial Coach, Public Speaker, Entrepreneur, and Best- Selling Author. Her #1 Amazon Best Selling Book “Money Matters” is a discovery for many.  In “Money Matters” she provides keys to demolishing debt, shares how to budget correctly, and gives principles in wealth building.Katie Ross, joined the  American Consumer Credit Counseling, or ACCC, management team in 2002 and is currently responsible for organizing and implementing high-performance development initiatives designed to i ncrease consumer financial awareness. Ms. Ross’s main focus is to conceptualize the creative strategic programming for ACCC’s client base and national base to ensure a maximum level of educational programs that support and cultivate ACCC’s organization.

11 Things You Should Put in a College Roommate Agreement

When you first move in with your college roommate (either in an apartment or in the residence halls), you may want—or have—to set up a roommate agreement or roommate contract. While not usually legally binding, roommate agreements are an excellent way to make sure that you and your college roommate are on the same page about the everyday details of living with someone else. And while they may seem like a pain to put together, roommate agreements are a smart idea. There are a variety of ways you can approach a roommate agreement. Many agreements come as a template and can provide you with general areas and suggested rules. In general, though, you should cover the following topics: 1. Sharing Is it okay to use each others stuff? If so, are some things off limits? What happens if something breaks? If both people are using the same printer, for example, who pays to replace the paper? The ink cartridges? The batteries? What happens if something gets broken or stolen on somebody elses watch? 2. Schedules What are your schedules like? Is one person a night owl? An early bird? And whats the process for someones schedule, especially in the morning and late at night? Do you want some quiet time when you get done with class after lunch? Or time to hang out with friends in the room? 3. Study Time When does each person study? How do they study? (Quietly? With music? With the TV on?) Alone? With headphones? With people in the room? What does each person need from the other to make sure they get adequate study time and can keep up in their classes? 4. Private Time Its college. You and/or your roommate might very well be dating someone — and want time alone with him or her. Whats the deal with getting time alone in the room? How much is OK? How much advance notice do you need to give a roommate? Are there times when its not OK (like finals week)? How will you let each other know when not to come in? 5. Borrowing, Taking or Replacing Something   Borrowing or taking something from your roommate is practically inevitable over the course of the year. So who pays for it? Are there rules about borrowing/taking? For example, its OK to eat some of my food as long as you leave some for me.   6. Space This may sound silly, but think —and talk — about space. Do you want your roommates friends hanging out on your bed while youre gone? At your desk? Do you like your space neat? Clean? Messy? How would you feel if your roommates clothes started sneaking over to your side of the room? 7. Visitors When is it OK to have people hanging out in the room? People staying over? How many people are OK? Think about when it would or wouldnt be all right to have others in your room. For example, is a quiet study group OK late at night, or should no one be allowed in the room after, say 1 a.m.? 8. Noise Do both of you like the default to be quiet in the room? Music? The TV on as background? What do you need to study? What do you need to sleep? Can someone use earplugs or headphones? How much noise is too much? 9. Food Can you eat each others food? Will you share? If so, who buys what? What happens if someone eats the last of an item? Who cleans it? What kinds of food are OK to keep in the room? 10. Alcohol   If youre under 21 and get caught with alcohol in the room, there can be problems. How do you feel about keeping alcohol in the room? If youre over 21, who buys the alcohol? When, if at all, is it OK to have people drinking in the room? 11. Clothes This ones a biggie for women. Can you borrow each others clothes? How much notice is needed? Who has to wash them? How often can you borrow things? What kinds of things cant be borrowed? If you and your roommate cant quite figure out where to get started or how to come to an agreement on many of these things, dont be afraid to talk to your RA or someone else to make sure things are clear from the beginning. Roommate relationships can be one of the highlights of college, so starting strongly from the beginning is a great way to eliminate problems in the future.

President Herbert Hoover Essay - 1384 Words

President Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st president of the United States. During his first year in office the Wall Street crash of 1929 occurred. He was blamed for the resulting collapse of the economy, and his unpopular policies brought an end to a brilliant career in public office. After the inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1933, however, Hoover remained a leading critic of the New Deal and a spokesman for the Republican party. Early Life Born on Aug. 10, 1874, the son of a blacksmith in the Iowa village of West Branch, Hoover was orphaned at the age of eight and sent to live with an uncle in Oregon. The uncle became wealthy, enabling Hoover to study mining engineering at Stanford University; he†¦show more content†¦This was a special wartime office, created to encourage American agricultural production and food conservation and to coordinate a rational distribution of food. When the war ended in November 1918, President Woodrow Wilson sent Hoover back to Europe to direct the American Relief Administration, an agency intended to relieve the suffering in Europe caused by the wars destruction. Hoovers public reputation was enormous as a result of his activities in these offices, and some persons looked upon him as a presidential candidate in 1920. He had never participated in partisan politics, but he did declare himself a Republican while refusing to seek the presidency that year. In 1921, Warren G. Harding appointed Hoover secretary of commerce, a post he held until he began his own presidential campaign in 1928. Secretary of Commerce As secretary of commerce, Hoover made his most important contributions to public policy. He was so able and active in the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge that observers often referred to him as secretary for domestic affairs. Hoover directly confronted a dilemma central to American values: the conflict between the tradition of individualism and the impersonalism of large corporations and big cities. Hoover deeply believed in the traditional worth of the individual, the value of personal initiative, the rights of self-expression, and the legacy of freedom ofShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression and President Herbert Hoover783 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst president, Herbert Hoover greatly impacted the lives of many Americans. It has been stated that the stalk market crash was to blame for the greatest economic downturn in American; however, Ex-President Hoover made critical mistakes during the depression that he would be blamed for the rest of his life. The Great Depression began in 1929, 7 months after the Ex-President’s election. (Insert cite) Instead of â€Å"using the power of the federal government to squarely address it† (I C), Hoover vetoedRead MorePresident Herbert Hoover : The Legacy Of The Great Depression1156 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Question: President Herbert Hoover is often undermined and overlooked as an idle predecessor in comparison to the reno wned Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Many people believe that it was Hoover’s lack of action that brought America to its knees before the Great Depression. Should Herbert Hoover be defined as the ineffective president accountable for the aftermath of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 or did he actually play an important role in alleviating the economic turmoil, but simply went unrecognizedRead MoreHerbert Hoover, One of the Worst Presidents in American History885 Words   |  4 PagesBecause of the plague known as the Great Depression, Herbert Hoover is often seen as one of the worst presidents in American history. He enacted policies such as the Hawley-Smoot Tariff that flushed America deeper into the depression. Hoover didnt understand that to solve a crisis such as a depression, he needed to interact directly with the people by using programs such as social security and welfare. Instead, Hoover had the idea that if he were to let the depression run its course, it would eventually Read MoreThe Herbert Hoover : The First President Born West Of The Mississippi River1291 Words   |  6 Pages HERBERT HOOVER Manav Verma US 1 Academic February 10, 2016 Knapp ` Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, and was the first president born west of the Mississippi River. He was academically successful and strived to be the best. He was a great candidate but his presidency was a failed one. The Great Depression is mostly to blame, as Hoover worked hard to get to his position and then watched his hard work leave as he lost the chance to be reelected. HooverRead MoreThe Great Depression : President s Franklin Roosevelt And Herbert Hoover1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Depression President s Franklin Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover were both faced with the challenge of the Great Depression, and if the were here today I feel they would each deal with the healthcare issue in America in different ways. Each president handled this massive challenge in very different ways. Today, a lot of controversy is on our nation’s health care, and the Obamacare Act. In my opinion, Roosevelt would more than likely help encourage this act, while Hoover on the other hand, wouldRead MoreHerbert Hoover : The First President Of The United States996 Words   |  4 PagesHour Mr. Parrott 30 Mar. 2015 Herbert Hoover Term Paper  ¨Freedom is the open window through which pours the sunlight of the human spirit and human dignity. ¨ (Herbert Hoover). Herbert Hoover did many things in his lifetime to change his country, and the future of the country for generations to come. Some background information on Herbert Hoover is that he was born in Iowa on August 10th, 1874, and was also the first president born west of the Mississippi River. Herbert s father died when he was sixRead MoreThe 1930S, Also Known As The Era Of The Great Depression,968 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, the United States was not just struggling financially, but had conflicting morales. During the Great Depression, the United States had two different presidents, Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. These two presidents have very different opinions on how to try and bring the United States out of the Depression. Herbert Hoover wanted to limit government access and test the American character; he believed involving the government too much would destroy American citizens’ moral characterRead MoreTaking a look at the Great Depression 795 Words   |  3 Pagesto create homes out of driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The U.S blamed The â€Å"Great Depression† on President Herbert Hoover; they actually named a small town after him. President Roosevelt was a hero to the US; it’s because of him that the US had a major turnaround. It was untimely the entrance of the U.S into WW2 that ended The â€Å"Great Depression† in the United States. Moreover, President Roosevelt is the reason why the U.S not in the â€Å"Great Depression† anymore. The Great DepressionRead MoreThe Great Depression1020 Words   |  5 Pagesitself, should never be the solution to said dilemma. President Herbert Hoovers policy on voluntarism, as opposed to Presidential elect, Franklin Roosevelt’s policy on government funding to improve the maladies of the distressed U.S citizen; would have deterred me as a voter, for republican re-election. Additionally, I can indubitably see myself as an advocate for the common mans plight (no matter what class I belonged to); rather than Herbert Hoover’s tenet on helping big business, in hopes thatRead MoreHerbert Hoover s Tragic Childhood893 Words   |  4 Pages Herbert Hoover was orphaned at the tender age of nine after his father suffered a heart attack while battling pneumonia shortly after his mother fell ill with a combination of pneumonia and typhoid fever and passed away. The death of both parents left Herbert and his siblings to live the rest of their childhoods with distant relatives. Hoover’s tragic childhood did not in any shape or form foreshadow his future. For the majority of Hoover s life, he was tossed around from relative to relative

T box Free Essays

The T- box is a power generated device that harnesses wind energy as trains run over railroad tracks. This alternative form of wind energy produced by trains is very unique, as it does not depend on any natural energy sources. Instead, the energy generated from this device is produced as a consequence of human activity. We will write a custom essay sample on T box or any similar topic only for you Order Now The T- box device generates energy without any interference of the normal train operation – the device is installed between railroad ties, and is partially buried underground. As the train passes over the device, the wind generated from the train spins the turbine nside the T- box to generate electricity. The T- box contains all the mechanical components required for harnessing, storing and supplying converted power. Hence, the power generated from this device can be supplied to public facilities along the railway and also to remote areas where electricity has not yet reached. The T-box How much power can the T- Box generate? A train moving at 125mph would generate a wind speed equivalent to 50 feet/ second. Wind blowing with such speed will let a normal wind power generator harness about 3500W of power. If a train is about 656 feet long, running at the pace of 187mph, and it moves along a 0. 2 mile railway track in about 18 seconds, the power generated in this small period by the T- boxes laid on the tracks will be 2. 6KW. Qian and Luparini estimate that about 1 50 T-box devices could be accomodated along a 0. 62 mile railway track. Installation of the T- box To fit the T- box on the tracks, some work has to be done on them: Firstly, concaves have to be constructed in cement between each of two sleepers Two brackets then ave to be placed on two sides of the concaves The brackets have to be examined to ensure that they are well fixed The T-box is then set upon the maneuvered tracks Installed T- boxes Is the T-box eco friendly? The T- box has so far been considered quite environmentally friendly. The T- box does not produce any harmful chemicals nor has it been proven to have any other side effects thus far. Anticipated problems Keeping the T- box devices clean can pose great problem. As the train passes, quite a bit of dirt and debris will be kicked up, and will land on the upper surface of the T- ox. Also, grease and grime deposits escaping from underneath will contribute to contaminating the device. Future of the T- box As the hunger tor alternative torms ot energy continues, the T-box nas generated hope. This device presents a new generation of wind power generators, and has created quite a sensation among techno buffs. However, it is important to remember that the design is still in the conceptual stage and has not taken into account all of the preservation and maintenance issues that are likely to pose a problem in any future use of this device. How to cite T box, Papers

To what extent does the language we speak influence the way we perceive the world free essay sample

The most interesting question in linguistic is whether and how language affects the way we remember things and the way we perceive the world and this idea was first introduced by the influential linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf (Harley, 2008). Statements, attempting to illustrate that language is the medium by which one views the world, culture, reality and thought have aroused an intense desire in not only scholars but also for non-scholars to validate of disprove this hypothesis. Most researchers today currently argue one of the following three positions in relation to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis or Linguistic Relativity: language heavily influences thought, language does not influence thought or language partially influences thought. This essay will intend to focus on those three positions and argue that the language we speak partly influence the way we perceive the world, but language does not regulate realism. Benjamin Whorf, like Sapir studied Native American languages. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent does the language we speak influence the way we perceive the world? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whorf sites several examples form the Native American language, Hopi, to support his hypothesis that thought is strongly based on language. According to Whorf the Hopi language does not contain any words, grammatical constructions or expressions that refer to the English concept of â€Å"time†. Whorf goes on to explain that it is possible in the Hopi language to express the world or reality in ways other than what many languages refer to as â€Å"time†. The Hopi view of reality is specific to the language and can only be best expressed if one is familiar with the language (Carroll, 1956, p. 57). In this example where Whorf feels language strongly influences thought, he is often criticized with circularity because he infers cognitive differences between two speakers from an examination of their respective languages. His proof of cognitive differences is only based on reiteration of the linguistic differences (Harre, 1990, p. 5). A common argument for the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the perception of colour across languages. According to the hypothesis, if one language categorizes colour differently than another language, then the different groups should perceive it differently also. In a study done in the 1970’s a group of researchers studied the difference in perception of colour in English compared with a small tribe from Papua New Guinea called Berinmo. The Berinmo were given a sample of 160 different colours and asked to categorize them. The Berinmo not only had less categories, they did not differentiate between the English colours blue and green, however, they did draw a category between colours in their language â€Å"nol† and â€Å"wor† which in English would both be perceived in the category of yellow. The researchers found that the Berinmo speakers were better at matching colours across their â€Å"nol†, â€Å"wor† categories than across the English blue and green categories and English speakers were better at matching colours across blue and green than across the Berinmo â€Å"nol† and â€Å"wor† (Sawyer, 1999). According to the researchers by showing that the colour perception of the two language groups is dependent on the categorization in the language, the results support the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are three main points that researchers use to dispute the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: translatability, differences between linguistic and non-linguistic events and universals. Translatability is a common argument scholars use against the hypothesis, for although language may differ considerably in the way they express certain details, it is still quite possible to translate those details from one language to another (Harley, 2008). The argument made by Eric Lenneberg against the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is that linguistic and non-linguistic events must be separately observed and described before they can be correlated (Carroll, 1956, p. 28). He argues that there is no way to define language as influencing thought when there is no distinction between these two events and that the evidence which supports language as influencing thought is based purely on linguistic differences. The third argument that gives evidence against language influencing thought is the concept of universals. According to Harley (2008), in examining this thought in relation to linguistic relativity all cultures would be related and have similar realities which is in deep contrast with Whorf’s ideas that all cultures see the world differently because of their language. The writings of Sapir and Whorf brought about a huge change in the way scholars view language and thought. Researchers scurried to find evidence that would give the hypothesis validity. Although the research is easy to formulate, the problem lies in finding a set of variables that accurately test the hypothesis. Most researchers up to this time have found it hard to conclude that language determines thought, however through examples from Whorf’s studies in Hopi and other observations from researchers it is valid to suggest that language does partially determine thought. In determining linguistic relativity the question is not whether a language affects ones thoughts but to what degree (Wierzbicka, 1992, p. 7). Many examples are given to support a weak interpretation of linguistic relativity. One experiment done by Linda Rogers gives evidence to support a weak interpretation. Rogers read a story to a group of bilingual children while recording their brain-wave patterns. She first read the story in English while observing that the children’s brains were active in the left hemisphere and then read the story in Navaho and observed their brain activity in the right hemisphere. This according to Rogers gave evidence to the fact that English as a noun-cantered language was processed in the left side of the brain and the Navaho as a verb-cantered language was processed in the right side of the brain. This gave evidence to the fact that although the same story was told to the same children they processed the story differently according to which language it was told in (Gill, 1997, p. 140). Another example is a study contrasting Japanese and English passive constructions done by Agnes Niyekawa-Howard in 1968. The study explains that Japanese has two types of passive constructions in which when one is combined with the other the meaning changes so that the subject of the sentence was caused to take the action that is found in the verb. In translating stories from Japanese to English this construction was not seen, however, in the translation from English to Japanese the Japanese translators included this construction. Similarly when asked to interpret cartoons that dealt with interpersonal conflict, the Japanese were found to attribute responsibility for the negative outcome to others more than did the English. The study’s purpose was to show that although not consciously seen by native Japanese, this construction of grammar contributes to a perceptual habit or cultural outlook in the Japanese culture (Salzmann, 1993, p. 163). In conclusion, language and society are intertwined that it is impossible to understand one without the other. There is no human society that does not depend on, is not shaped by, and does not itself shape language (Chaika, 1989, p. 2). This statement best defines the relationship between language, thought and reality for language not only shapes the way reality is perceived but reality can also shape language. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has changed the way many people look at language. It has influenced many scholars and opened up large areas of study. While many like Sapir and Whorf support the notion that language strongly influences thought and others argue that language does not influence thought, the evidence from research indicates that language does influence thought and perception of reality but language does not govern thought or reality. (1237 words)

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Essay Topic: Girl in Translation Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Uncle Toms Children â€Å"One lesson I have learnt from the history of Muslims. At critical moments in their history it is Islam that has saved Muslims and not vice versa. † (Sir Muhammad Iqbal) Why Ideology of Pakistan is Important: Today the world community comprises of more than 180 countries. Pakistan appeared on the world map in August 1947, and became the first Islamic ideological state of the modern times. Unlike the non-ideological states, it was not established due to any geographical conflict or territorial domination by a group of people. If the ideology of such a state like Pakistan is dead then its existence can be questioned.Therefore, Pakistan can’t exist if there is no more ideology of Pakistan. Pakistan is an ideological state†¦established in the name of the Islam. But on the 31st of December 1971, this land of ours, lost its east wing. And East Pakistan emerged on the world map as Bangladesh. The then prime minister of India Ms. Indra Gandhi claimed that the birth of Bangladesh is the death of the two-nation theory†¦ If, as said, the ideology of Pakistan came to an end in 1971, then the objective behind the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan would have come to an end too.Purpose of Pakistan The breakup of the country in 1971 raised cynical eyebrows about national identity and gave rise to the theory of sub-nationalities on the basis of race, religion and language. Thus questions are being asked about the very existence of Pakistan. The debate about the motivating force behind the making of Pakistan has been one endless exercise. Was there any need of Pakistan at all? Is this just another Muslim state like many others? Was creation of Pakistan a conspiracy of the British and/or of Muslim League?Was it to retrieve the ancient glory of the Islamic era, or to find a base for the reconstruction of Islamic thought and the resurgence and re-adaptation of its message to our day and age? Was Pakistan created accidentally? Was the sacrific e of thousands of Muslims in 1947 useless? Should Pakistan and India be merged together to form â€Å"Akhand Bharat† to restore peace in the Sub-continent? What is Two Nation Theory? Two-Nation theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states thatMuslims and Hindus are two separate nations from every definition; therefore Muslims should have a separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, where they can spend their lives according to the glorious teachings of Islam. If Muslims of the sub-continent comprise an Islamic nation then they have the right to have separate homeland as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned and I quote: â€Å"History has presented to us many examples, such as the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, of Czechoslovakia and Poland.History has also shown to us many geographical tracts, much smaller than the sub-continent of India, which otherwise might have been called one country, but which have been divided into as many seven or eight sovereign states. Like-wise, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand divided in the Iberian Peninsula. † The Definition Of Nation The significance and reality of Pakistan has not been fully understood in the west. To the west, nationality based on religion is an alien and often-incomprehensible phenomenon.This is because religion in the West has come to play such a restricted role. In the West, Germans and French are accepted as two separate nations. However, the fact of Hindus and Muslims in India representing two separate cultural entities is seldom appreciated. A young French student may visit a family in Germany, share their meals, may attend the same church and even marry a girl in the family without creating a scandal or surprise. But such instances of intermarriage have been extremely rare in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent.Even some of the most ardent Indian Nationalist has found the idea totally unacceptable. As Sir Abdur Rahim o bserved: â€Å"Any of us Indian Muslims traveling for instances in Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia among Chinese Muslims, Arabs and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary, in India we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live. † Is Two Nation Theory A New ConceptA point generally raised by the opponent of the two-nation theory is that Pakistan was created accidentally and that the intellect of most of the Muslims at that time was overpowered by emotions. Moreover, that this phenomenon emerged in the early decade of the 20th century. But, what the history reveals is something different. Two-Nation theory was not at all as new phenomenon. History of Two Nation Theory Mahatma Gandhi, speaking in the second session of the Round table conference in London in 1931, said that the quarrel between Hindus an d Muslims was ‘coreview with the British advent’ in India.It would be difficult to maintain such a position historically because the conflict between Hindus and Muslims had started long before the emergence of the British power in India. The phenomenon of Two-Nation theory originated with the advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent (712AD). According to Jinnah, â€Å"The concept of two nation theory originated the day, the first Hindu converted to Muslim. † The partition of India was proposed more than seven hundred years prior to the Lahore resolution.In 1192 AD, on the eve of battle of Tarian, according to famous historian Farishta, Sultan Muizz-ud-Din had suggested to his rival, Pirthviraj, the partition of India, leaving the region of Sirhind, Punjab and Multan with Sultan and retaining the rest of India for himself. This proposal cropped up again after 150 years, when Al-Beruni pointed out the existence of the two big groups of people subscribing to two differe nt religions. â€Å"This (the religious difference) renders any connection with them† says Beruni, â€Å"quite impossible and constitutes the widest of gulf between them and us (Hindu and Muslims). |Perhaps Emperor Aurengzeb (1658-1707) was responsible for increasing Hindu Muslim tensions by trying to Islamize the Mughal | |government. Several Muslim historians have actually glorified Aurengzeb for making Muslims conscious of their separate religious | |and ideological identity. It is also true that Maratha and Sikh leaders raised their banner of revolt against Aurangzeb because | |in trying to organize his government on Islamic lines, the emperor was acting against their interest.Sir Jaduanath Sarkar’s | |observation on the role of Shivaji, the Maratha leader, is revealing: | |â€Å"Shivaji has shown that the tree of Hinduism is not really dead. That it can rise from beneath the seemingly crushing load of | |centuries of political bondage, exclusion from the adminis tration, and legal repression; it can put forth new leaves and branches| |it can again lift its head up to the skies† | |After Aurangzeb’s death, Muslim power started disintegrating.Muslims were so alarmed by the growing power of the Hindus under | |Maratha leadership that even a Sufi scholar like Shah Walliullha (1703-81) was moved into writing a letter to the Afghan King | |Shah Walliullah. He wrote: | |â€Å"In short, the Muslim community is in a pitiable condition. All control of the machinery of government is in the hands of Hindus,| |because they are the only people who are capable and industrious.Wealth and prosperity are concentrated in their hands; while | |the share of Muslims is nothing but poverty and misery†¦ At this time you are the only King who is powerful, far-sighted, and | |capable of defeating the enemy forces. Certainly it is incumbent upon you to march to India, destroy the Maratha domination and | |rescue weak and old Muslims from the clutch es of Non-Muslims. If, God forbid, domination by infidels continues, Muslims will | |forget Islam and within a short time become such a nation that there will be nothing left distinguish them from non-Muslims. | |This letter by Shah Walliullah to a foreign Muslim against the local Non-Muslims again reflects that Muslims living in any part | |of the world are the part of one Muslim Nation. | |The Two Nations | |Although the Hindus and Muslims had been living together for centuries in the Indian sub-continent, yet there had never been | |either any signs of merger of the Hindu and Muslims societies, or any serious attempt to develop a working relationship between | |the two major ethnic groups.The two have always remained as two distinct social systems, two separate and distinct cultures and | |last but not the least, two different civilizations. | |In fact, Hindu fanaticism has always been against those who do not belong to them and against all outsiders, whom they consider | |maleec h or unclean. So they are against having any connection with such people, what to speak of inter-marriage, a Hindu is often| |forbidden eat or drink or to even shake hand with a Muslim or for that matter with a person belonging to any other faith or | |religion.In short the Hindu customs and their hatred for Muslims was the main factor against developing a working relationship | |between the two major societies. | |Lala Lajpat Rai, a very astute politician and staunch Hindu Mahasabhite, in his letter to Mr. C. R. Das, which was written 12 or | |15 years prior to Pakistan Resolution, wrote: | |â€Å"There is one point more which has been troubling me very much of late and one which I want you to think (about) carefully, and | |that is the question of Hindu Mohammedan unity.I have devoted most of my time during the last six months to the study of Muslim | |history and Muslim law, and I am inclined to think it is neither possible nor practicable. Assuming and admitting the sincerity | |of Mohammedan leaders in the non-cooperation movement, I think their religion provides an effective bar to anything of that kind†¦| |And nothing would relieve more than to be convinced that it is so. But if it is right, then it comes to this, that although we | |can unite against the British, we cannot do so to rule Hindustan on British lines.We cannot do so to rule Hindustan on | |democratic lines. † | |[pic] |[pic] | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned: â€Å"It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism.They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different social orders. It is a dream that the Hindu and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality; and this misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits, and is the cause of most of our troubles, and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to r evise our notions in time. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.They neither intermarry, nor interline together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Musalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, their heroes are different, and they have different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap.To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. † Is Pakistan a Conspiracy of British And/Or Jinnah For the congress, the establishment of Pakistan was a cr uel blow to their claim of being a nationalist organization. It meant that Muslims did not trust the Hindus as a majority community to be just and generous towards Muslims interests and culture.This explains why congress leaders have often tended to attribute the creation of Pakistan almost entirely to the British policy of ‘divide and rule’. However, a closer look at the history after the establishment of the British rule in India will reveal that the Hindus were much closer to the British government than the Muslims. The Hindus, who were fed up with the Muslim rule, welcomed the British rule over India. This state of affairs resulted in the patronage of the Hindus by the British and suspicion and distrust against the Muslims of the sub-continent.The Hindus were economically better off than the Muslims. The events of 1857 further diminished the prospects of economic growth of the Muslim community in the sub-continent. From 1857 onwards, when the British had taken compl ete control of the Indian Administration, they elevated the Hindu community to the status of landlords, gave the Hindus proprietary rights and provided them the opportunity to accumulate the wealth which should have otherwise gone to the Muslims who were at the helm of affairs. Hindus were given more jobs in the government and military compared to Muslims.Lets now look see whether the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 as the largest Muslim state was a conspiracy of Jinnah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah remained an active member of the Indian National Congress for about 25 years, and because of his personal efforts to bring about a rapprochement between Hindus and Muslims was even hailed as the ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity’. As long as effective power in India was in the hands of the British, it appeared as if a true nationalism was growing in that country.However, with the introduction of representative institutions and the devolution of political authority, the Hindus start ed showing their true colors by imposing their superiority over the Muslim minority, as a result of which a struggle between Hindus and Muslims ensued. Jinnah was greatly disappointed by these movements by the congress leaders and so he resigned from the Congress. The behavior of the Congress leader changed his mind and realized him that the Congress is a Hindu Congress. Another popular view regards Pakistan as no more than a personal triumph of the brilliant strategy and will power of Quaid-e-Azam| |Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that had Jinnah died earlier, there would not have been any | |Pakistan. It is true that Jinnah’s great role was a highly important contributing factor; but without intense religious zeal for | |an Islamic state on the part of Muslim masses, Jinnah could not have achieved Pakistan.Khilafat leaders like Maulana Muhammad | |Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and poets like Hali, Akbar Allahabdi and Iqbal were mainly respons ible for making Muslims | |conscious of their separate national and cultural identity. Thus, when the message of Pakistan was presented to the masses, it | |fell on fertile soil. Jinnah, who did not know Urdu, could not have achieved Pakistan without able and zealous lieutenants and | |without the vision of an Islamic state as an inspiring stimulant.One may even go so far as to say that the Muslim League, led | |largely by the middle-class Muslim Leaders, would have probably come to some sort of compromise on the issue of Pakistan had they| |not been swept off their feet by the intense Islamic fervor of the masses and the astounding success that the Muslim League | |achieved during the elections of 1945-46. It has been reported that the Quaid-e-Azam himself never expected to see Pakistan in | |his lifetime. |Congress leaders tried to challenge the two-nation theory by pointing out that a large number of Muslims in India were | |descendants of Hindu forebears who had converted to Isl am. They also argued that there was hardly any cultural difference between| |Hindus and Muslims in the rural areas where the vast majority of both communities lived. But these arguments could not alter the | |fact that a change in one’s religion from Hinduism to Islam in the Indian context not merely implied a change in one’s religion, | |but also a significant change in man’s social and cultural status.The new convert became the member of an egalitarian social and| |cultural force in large parts of India. Particularly in the North Western part of India, which constitutes Pakistan today, the | |dominant culture that emerged was clearly Islam. | |From Bande Mataram to Pakistan | |The first provincial elections under the 1935 Act were held in 1937, as a result of these elections, the congress was invited to | |form ministries in seven provinces.The attitude of the congress government towards the Muslims was very cruel, and it opened the| |eyes of Muslims to the im pending danger. The hostile attitude of Congress government towards the Muslims was by itself a proof of| |Hindus being a separate Nation. The experience of living under Congress rule was one major factor which shook the Muslims from | |their political slumber and made them instantly conscious of their distinct national identity. | |Let’s consider the example of â€Å"Bande Mataram†. The Bande Mataram was adopted as the national anthem in the Congress Governed | |provinces.Muslim children were compelled to sing this anthem, which the Quaid described as â€Å"Idolatrous and worse a hymn of | |hatred for Muslims. † | |The song â€Å"Bande Mataram† is from an old Bengali novel, Anand Math, written by Bankim Chandra Chattrji. It tells the story of a | |secret religio-political society of Hindus plotting the overthrow of the Muslim power in Bengal in the 18th century. The new | |recruits to the secret society recited the Bande Mataram as a vow. A new recruit, Mohendra, was led by the leader, Bhavananda, to| |the temple of Anand Math to have darshan of the Mother.In the first chamber Mohendra was greeted by a massive four-armed Vishnu,| |flanked by the idols of Lakshami and Arawati, and a lonely image sitting on his lap. Bhavanda pointing to the lady on the lap of | |Lord Vishnu told Mohendra that she is the Mother and we are her children. The next chamber was decorated with the image of | |Jagatdhari, another deity who was explained, as â€Å"The mother was first like this†, the next camber where ten-armed Durga was | |presiding, attended by Lakshami and Sarawati.Bhavanda explained: â€Å"This is what the Mother will be like†¦ when the enemy has been | |crushed under her feet†. Mohendra was overcome with religious fervor and chanted these lines of Bande Mataram to be confirmed as | |a member of the anti-Muslim secret society: | |[pic] |[pic] | Thou art Durga with ten arms: | |And thou art Lakshmi, the lotus ranging; | |And thou art Vani that Givweth knowledge; | |I salute thee | |The Congress Government went to such an extent as to replace Urdu by Hindi, banning of Cow slaughter and even celebrating | |Gandhi’s Birthday officially and compelling the students Hindus and non-Hindus to worship the picture of Mahatma Gandhi. | |From the above very brief but factual analysis of the relationship which had developed between the two major Communities of India| |i. e; the Hindus and the Muslims, it should no longer be a questionable proposition as to why the Muslims insisted on the | |partition of India and having a separate Homeland for the Muslims. | |The Tragedy of 1971 | |The separation of East Pakistan was no doubt the biggest tragedy in the history of Pakistan.However, it should not be regarded | |as death of Two Nation Theory. First of all Bangladesh, though no more a part of Pakistan but still is neither a Hindu state nor | |a secular state rather is a Muslim State. The elite of West Pakist an were not able to understand the real situation in East | |Pakistan and they absolutely failed to tackle it. In spite of all these mistakes by the government, the involvement of the | |foreign hand in separation of East Pakistan, is a solid reality. Those who cry today upon the â€Å"cross-border† terrorism in Kashmir| |(in spite of the fact that there is no international border in Kashmir) have totally forgotten the hands and faces behind the | |Muktibahini.The way the Bangla youth was brain washed by Hindu teachers and scholars is an open secret. The fact is that not | |much literature was available in the Bangla language about Islam, neither any translation of Iqbal nor of Moududi. On the other | |hand Robinder Nath Tegore and Chander Mukr Ji were very popular. | |The Muslim Bangladesh though no more a part of Pakistan is independent from the fright of Hindu domination. | |Ms. Indra Gandhi’s statement about the creation of Bangladesh, was by itself a proof of the existence of the Two-Nation Theory. | |She claimed that today ‘we’ have taken the revenge of the â€Å"1000’s years slavery†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but in 1971 Pakistan was just 24 years old!!! | |Then what was she referring to by mentioning the 1000 years? Definitely she was talking about the era when Muslims ruled India. | |This means Pakistan didn’t emerge neither with the advent of British to India, nor is a result of â€Å"Divide and Conquer†, nor is a | |conspiracy of the Muslim League, nor is a symbol of nationalism based on territory. Pakistan-based on the Two-Nation theory | |existed long before August 47 in the heart of every Muslim of the Sub-Continent, who wanted the revival of the Muslim Ummah. | |[pic] |[pic] | Two Nation Theory At PresentKeeping in view the above discussion in light of facts and figures from history, it can be claimed that theTwo Nation Theory is a reality even today. Unfortunately, the Hindu community of the sub-continent has never accepted this reality from the very beginning and they still want to convert the Indo-Pak sub-continent to Maha Bharat. They want all non-Hindus to change their faith to Hinduism. The top leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently ruling India, has not only publicly denounced the two-nation theory but has also declared that it does not accept the partition of the Sub-Continent in 1947 which was based on this theory. On the same analogy, the BJP claims that Kashmir is an integral part of India.The BJP also advises the Muslims in India that they must stop looking towards Makkah and Medina as they can live only by accepting Hindutva. The BJP government, in order to assimilate the Muslim population in India with the Hindu majority, also intends to amend Muslim personal laws. A movement has also been launched in India, with the blessing of the BJP government, that all the Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs, should call themselves Hindus, as th ey are the citizens of â€Å"Hindustan†. The non-Hindus in India, particularly the Muslims, are also being advised that by adopting the Hindu faith they may ensure for themselves an honorable place in the country.It may be recalled that Madhav Sadarish Golwalker, the head of the RSS, whom the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, considers his ‘soul and mentor’, in his book entitled â€Å"WE: our own nationhood defined†, while branding the Muslims of India as ‘enemies’ belonging to foreign races, recommended that ‘the foreign races in Hindustan’ must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i. e; of the Hindu nation, must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu race, claiming nothing, deserving no privilege, far less any preferential treatment – not even c itizen’s right.The enormous difficulties, which the Muslims are encountering for the protection of their religious beliefs and for the restitution of their political, economic and other rights in the so-called secular but Hindu-dominated India, bear testimony to the political acumen and far sightedness of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who so rightly had perceived the establishment of a separate state for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to save them from unfair treatment by the Hindu Majority. Many opponents of the Two-Nation theory, base their arguments on the fact that India at present has a Muslim community, which is larger in population than the Muslim population in Pakistan.Therefore, according to the Two-Nation theory, Pakistan’s border should be opened to all of them, and in case this is not done then the creation of Pakistan was a selfish act of the Muslims living in the areas comprising Pakistan today, since, it has changed Muslims in India to an even small er minority. First of all opening the borders of Pakistan to all the Muslims is a misinterpretation of the Two-Nation theory, and is simply not applicable. Pakistan was created to have a fortress for the Muslim Ummah. All the Muslim leaders had it very much clear in their mind that all the Muslims would never be the citizens of Pakistan. Many of them became the citizens of India, after 1947, but had struggled for the creation of Pakistan, throughout their lives. Pakistan movement in the Hindu majority provinces was much stronger than in the Hindu minority areas. What does all this reveal?Pakistan is much more than a piece of land. They never struggled for a piece of land to name it Pakistan; they had struggled for the Ideology named Pakistan. The Muslim leaders of the sub-continent struggled for Pakistan on the same guidelines as the Islamic state of Medina Munawara. Many Muslims migrated along with the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) to Medina Munawara, however many of them were left in Makkah. Those who had migrated along the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) and those who were the citizens of Medina, lived peacefully. While those who were left in Makkah were subjected to the cruelties of the Kaffar in Makkah. Was this unfair with them?It would have been unfair if the people of Medina had not participated in Badar, Uhed and Khandeq and rather would have opted for celebrating â€Å"Basant in Pakistan† at the same time when the people from Pakistan had been sold in Tora Bora†. In that case it would have been unfair†¦ but this certainly does not mean that establishment of â€Å"Medina† was an unfair decision rather it meant that those elements should be subjected to accountability which turn â€Å"jihad till Fatah-e-Makkah† to â€Å"Basant Bahar – the part of our culture†. The condition of the Indian Muslims after fifty-five years reveals the truth of the so-called Indian secularism. The Muslim s in India are still getting a raw deal in every sphere of life. They are still living in the curse of poverty and backwardness. And above all they are still fighting the threats to their religious and cultural identity.The sense of insecurity experienced by the Indian Muslims in the post partition period has been compounded in recent years. In terms of numbers, the Muslims are only next to the Hindus, totaling 95. 2 million (1991 census) and constituting about 12 percent of the population. Yet they are considered by the Hindus even less important than the Jains and Buddhists who are only 0. 43 and 0. 41 percent of the population respectively (1991 census). A prominent Hindu writer S. Harrison admits that the dominant note in the Hindu attitude towards Muslim today is that, Hindus have a natural right to rule in modern India as a form of long overdue retribution for the sins of the Mughal overlords.It is not enough that unified state with a Hindu majority, clearly dominant over a Mu slim minority now reduced to 12 percent, has been established at long last in the Indian sub-continent. The fulfillment of Indian nationalism requires an assertion of Hindu hegemony over the Muslims of the subcontinent in one form or the other. They also have been subjected to the interference in their religion. It usually takes the form of insulting attacks on Islam made in school textbooks, or in the press, desecration of mosques and shrines, or deliberate incitement of feelings of religious hatred against the Muslims. In most of the Hindu dominated Indian states Hindu religious beliefs, philosophy and methodology have been introduced into the text books in the name of Indian culture,.This is to an extent that a glance through the officially prescribed school textbooks leaves an impression that those responsible for them regard India (a supposedly multi religious country) as the home of Brahmans and attach value only to their deities, temples, religious customs and practices. Cou ntless incidents can be cited of the desecration of mosques by the Hindu communists during the last few decades. The 16th century historic Babri mosque was razed to ground by thousands of Hindu fanatics in Ayodhya, (UP) on 16th Dec 1992 and the immense loss of human lives that followed was no secret. Conclusion The Two Nation Theory is still alive.Had there been no Two Nation Theory today, the issues like Kargil, nuclear arms race, and tension on the borders would have never risen. The basic conflict between India and Pakistani nation is still the same. Indians believe in nationality based on territory and therefore want to merge Pakistan back into India. While Pakistanis have been fighting for the last 52 years, to safeguard the Land which they got in the name of Islam. The Kashmir issue, if alive even after 52 years, in spite of India’s utmost effort to crush the lovers of freedom, is crystal clear proof of the reality of the Two Nation Theory. It should be understood that the creation of Pakistan was not the result of an accident but – it had a meaning.The meaning of Pakistan was not to have a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan to have a better living; it was not to have industries or nuclear capability. The significance of the creation of the fortress of Islam was to give the Muslims of the Sub-Continent in particular and the Muslims of the world in general an idea of brotherhood. A brotherhood based on irrespective of color or creed. Pakistan wanted to have Unity among the Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia and to create a sense of spiritual vision that could be left and understand beyond this materialistic world in which man is fighting with man. The Muslim brotherhood has disagreements and the world is dominated by imperial powers and destined according to their

Basin and Range Topography Overview

Basin and Range Topography Overview In geology, a basin is defined as a bounded area where the rock within the boundaries dips inward toward the center. By contrast, a range is a single line of mountains or hills forming a connected chain of land higher than the surrounding area. When combined, the two make up basin and range topography. A landscape comprised of basins and ranges is characterized as having a series of undulating mountain ranges sitting parallel to low, broad valleys (basins). Normally, each of these valleys is bounded on one or more sides by mountains and although the basins are relatively flat, the mountains can either rise abruptly out of them or slope upward gradually. The differences in elevations from the valley floors to the mountain peaks in most basin and range areas can range from several hundred feet to over 6,000 feet (1,828 meters). Causes of Basin and Range Topography The resulting faults are called normal faults and are characterized by rocks dropping down on one side and rising on the other. In these faults, there is a hanging wall and a footwall and the hanging wall is responsible for pushing down on the footwall. In basins and ranges, the hanging wall of the fault is what creates the range as they are the blocks of the Earths crust that are pushed upward during crustal extension. This upward movement occurs as the crust spreads apart. This portion of the rock is located on the margins of the fault line and moves up when the rock being moved in the extension gathers on the fault line. In geology, these ranges forming along fault lines are called horsts. Conversely, the rock below the fault line is down dropped because there is a space created by the divergence of lithospheric plates. As the crust continues to move, it stretches and becomes thinner, creating more faults and areas for rocks to drop into gaps. The results are the basins (also called grabens in geology) found in basin and range systems. One common feature to note in the worlds basins and ranges is the extreme amount of erosion that occurs on the peaks of the ranges. As they rise, they are immediately subject to weathering and erosion. The rocks are eroded by water, ice, and wind and particles are quickly stripped and washed down the mountainsides. This eroded material then fills the faults and collects as sediment in the valleys. The Basin and Range Province Within the Basin and Range Province, the relief is abrupt and the basins normally range from 4,000 to 5,000 feet (1,200- 1,500 m), while most of the mountain ranges climb 3,000 to 5,000 feet (900-1,500 m) above the basins. Death Valley, California is the lowest of the basins with its lowest elevation of -282 feet (-86 m). Conversely, Telescope Peak in the Panamint Range to the west of Death Valley has an elevation of 11,050 feet (3,368 m), showing the enormous topographic prominence within the province. In terms of the Basin and Range Provinces physiography, it features a dry climate with very few streams and internal drainage (a result of the basins). Although the area is arid, much of the rain that does fall accumulates in the lowest basins and forms pluvial lakes such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and Pyramid Lake in Nevada. The valleys are mostly arid however and deserts such as the Sonoran dominate the region. This area also affected a significant portion of the United States’ history as it was a major barrier to westward migration because the combination of desert valleys, bounded by mountain ranges made any movement in the area difficult. Today, U.S. Highway 50 crosses the region and crosses five passes over 6,000 feet (1,900 m) and is considered The Loneliest Road in America. Worldwide Basin and Range Systems Western Turkey is also cut by an easterly trending basin and range landscape that extends into the Aegean Sea. It is also believed that many of the islands in that sea are portions of ranges between basins that have a high enough elevation to break the sea’s surface. Where ever basins and ranges occur, they represent an enormous amount of geologic history as it takes millions of years to form to the extent of those found in the Basin and Range Province.

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Reaction paper - Essay Example Properly communicating and effectively dealing with other people might be the sole aptitude that decides our status in society. Communication is the sharing of information or feeling. Communication can be verbal or non verbal. Successful and satisfying face to face communication comprise of three elements: words, tone of voice and body language. Communication process constitutes 93% of the silent or nonverbal communication i.e. tonality accounts for 38% and body language accounts for 55%. Which means only 7% of the whole communication process depends upon words (Steve, 2009). It is commonly seen that communication is usually described in terms of spoken words. But very few of us know the fact that words are only the carrier and transport of the message. True meaning behind the message cannot be clearly understood only with the words. The receiver has to guess and make judgments of the words. This fact can easily be understood by the example of communicating via emails and letters, in which nonverbal part of communication is definitely a missing element and leave the interpretation open to the reader which sometimes leads to misunderstanding and arguments. Lasting relationships can only be created when feelings and emotions behind the words communicate between the people. Trust can be earned by conveying nonverbal evidences that are consistent with the words. Tone of voice affects greatly on the meanings of words. As above stated, 38% of communication transmits by the tonality. For Example, fast and catchy tune of the song brings energy and liveliness to the person, no matter whatever the lyrics of the song are. Another supporting example in this regard is response of a baby to different voices. They might not understand the words but they smile and cry according to the intensity of the voices they hear. Many people do not know how to manage their tone in different situations which is critical to make positive association with someone they

Economic Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic Philosophy - Term Paper Example Though there are theories that can be described as being best suited to explain crime, the question is whether it can be argued that there is the best punishment that can help reduce criminal acts in the world. It is worth noting that scholars have held different points of view concerning whether there can be a theory that can explain in totality the criminal behavior of the contemporary society. Advancing this debate, this paper uses Gary Becker point of view to argue as to whether that there can be an appropriate punishment to deal with criminal behavior in the contemporary societies. In justifying this statement the paper would utilize the four part approach centered on three theories: Rational choice theory, Strain theory, and Labeling theory. In social strain theory, Robert Merton, postulates that most individuals have very similar aspiration, however, they do not all have similar abilities or opportunities. According to this theory, whenever individuals fail to realize the expectations of the society by approved means such as delayed gratification, and hard work, such persons might attempt to achieve their success through crime. Although this theory has played a significant role in sociological theorization of crime, limitation identifies in this theory, indicate that the theory cannot explain in totality what can drive individuals into committing crime. Cohen the first critique of Robert merton theory, there is ample amount of delinquent or crime behavior that is malicious, negativistic, and non-utilitarian. This indicates that not all crimes can be explicable with the use of Merton’s theory. As much as Merton’s theory can explain well, crimes such as theft, and fraud on such basis as innovation, this the ory does not explain youth crimes that in most cases are involved in for social status reason rather than material acquisition. Moreover, Strain theory fails to address adequately issues such as gender and race and it

Bestimmtheit in Short Film :: Movies History Time D.W. Griffith Papers

Bestimmtheit in Short Film Short film has been around for longer than many of us think. The very first films made in the early 1910s were not feature-length by any stretch of the imagination, and never more than 15 minutes long. D. W. Griffith, well-known for experimentation in cinematography, was the first director to venture into films longer than 15 minutes. These first films were short films (or "shorts"), these pioneer directors experimenting with what they could or could not do with a moving camera. Early shorts involved filming people boarding a train, or some similar mundane act. People reacted to this, and flocked to watch these movies, simply because of the novelty of watching reflections, instead of shadows, on screen. But as the audience got more sophisticated, filmmakers began to see the need to innovate. In the 1920s, experiments in surrealism occurred, with people, such as Salvadore Dali, dabbling in the "new" art of filmmaking (Cooper, ii). Despite great advances made in the field of technologi cal expertise and film technique, short films of today still suffer from the same limitation that their predecessors had: time. For a single narrative to be compressed within 15 minutes, the director and scriptwriter have to be sure that every single object within the mise-en-scà ©ne is of absolute relevance, thus maximising the use of screen-time (also known as "story-time", or histoire). This essay uses a contemporary short film and an 18th century text to discuss Chatman's concern of bestimmtheit in films. I hope to address certain concerns such as the extent to which a film can "specify" a particular object and what this specification does with regards to our understanding of the text. In addition, I will relate the compression of information into imagery to the limitations of time, given that a short film has a limit of 15 minutes. To do this, I shall analyse the cinematography of the short film, and show how relevant they are in bringing out certain scenarios described in Defoe's text. The short film in question is The Periwig-Maker, a clay-animated film directed by Stephen Schaeffler and narrated by actor Kenneth Brannagh, and it will be analysed with relation to the text it is based on, A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe. To clarify certain misconceptions regarding the origin of The Periwig-Maker, let me first add a disclaimer. Stephen Schaeffler had based the events that

Bindge Drinking

We have all heard the terms boozing, drinking to get drunk, sloshed, tanked, tipsy, tooted, and hammered. But have you ever really thought about what you were saying when you used these terms. You were saying that all that you did the night before was binge drink. Binge drinking on college campuses is something that has grown to an all time high but who’s to blame? All too often we have heard the horror stories of how kids are getting behind the wheel of a car after a night of binge drinking, and end up killing everyone involved, but themselves. Binge drinking must be stopped, but it’s easier said than done. College administrators shouldn’t be held 100 percent accountable for students actions, the idea for colleges to crack down on binge drinking sounds unrealistic. In his essay â€Å"Binge Drinking must be stopped† director of the college alcohol studies program at the Harvard school of public health, Henery Wechsler states â€Å"An incoming freshman learns during the first week of school where the alcohol and parties and often has a binge drinking experience even before purchasing a textbook. If students can find it so easily so can college administrators it’s not that complicated† (32). It shouldn’t be the administrators responsibility to constantly hover over their Lee 2 students. We’re not talking about high school students here,we’re talking about college students! These are people who are 18 years old are older so it’s time for them to take on some responsibilities. I believe that if your caught intoxicated on campus and your under the age of 21 your parents shouldn’t be notified by an college administrator, you should be taken straight to jail until you sober up. I mean aren’t you considered an adult once you turn 18? (elaborate more) â€Å"if we know so much about the problem, why is it that we have not been able to do much about it† (33). Realistically speaking how are u going to be able to stop binge drinking? â€Å"Drunken parties are usually at certain frat houses and housing complexes. The heaviest drinking most likely takes place in a few bars near campus† (33). Why is it that administrators have to take on all the responsibilities? Do you really expect administrators to go around busting in frat houses or local bars like some type of Robocops? That would be stepping on students privacy , and everyone has a right to their privacy. Consequences and reprecutions should be enforced in order to make students think twice before they go out and binge drink. Students need to take on more responsibilities for themselves instead of being baby sitted by college administrators

The Evolution Of Basel Iis Development Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5304 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? A lot of insolvencies of loan takers at the beginning of the 1990s, which led to a drastically reduction of equity within bank, was the crucial factor for developing new rules of equity. The industry realized more than before that equity is necessary to handle unexpected operational and internal risks. The current equity coverage was not sufficient, what bore an essential risk for banks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Evolution Of Basel Iis Development Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Some banks could not manage to compensate the big losses due the mentioned credit defaults and ended up in bankruptcy. Moreover, uniform competition rules were needed, since many banks started to operate on an international level (Cluse, 2005) Therefore the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision tries to arrive at significantly more risk sensitive capital requirements for the stability of the financial system (Lamy 2006). This is linked to the risk of lending and the right amount of provision, i.e., the capital requirement to reduce the risk of non-solvability or the credit risk. This will be done efficiently if the bank manages this risk on two levels: It needs to manage both its credit risk (on the banks level) and its clients credit risk. By ensuring a right capital requirement on the banks level and on the clients level, this will cover the potential banks future losses. On one side, the capital requirement will limit the possibility for a bank to provide loans because its provision should be sufficient to cover losses. If this provision is not adequate, this will create a problem of insolvability. Numerous banks have already faced this Credit Crunch. On the other side, a company needs also to have sufficient provision in case of a negative scenario. The bank will provide a loan regarding this capital amount inside the company. So the model of Basel I and II is discipline for borrowers (banks client) and lenders (the bank itself). That is why Basel I and II will provide a risk-weighted system that reflects the loss history of a specific company or a bank and the type of loan. This system has the characteristic to be particularly sensitive to counterpart risk (Carling 2002). This system and its effects will be explained more precisely. The Evolution of Basel IIs Development Globalisation and developments within the European Domestic market did change the countenance of the financial markets due to interconnections. Standardization of equity requirements were needed to face these changes in risk (Paul, 2004). However, the fast development of the information technology (IT) also improved the internal risk evaluation of credit risks or operational risks for especially big banks. Resultant from that, a discrepancy between supervisory regulations (BASEL I) and internal estimates rose. In June 2004, according to these facts, the BCBS has published the International convergence of capital measurement and capital standards, a revised framework, the New Accord or more simply BASEL II. This New Accord has been signed by 13 countries, members of the Basel committee (Platt, 2004). The majority of regulators all over the world have agreed to implement it with different laps of time. While Basel I focused only on credit risk, Basel II is based on a broader range of risks. This is essential since the former regulations were too weak and static according to the credit risk. Nowadays there is a much more complex risk environment to consider. To ensure market discipline and stability, BASEL II needs to take into account not only the credit risk, but also other sources of risks. It also provides new adequate sophisticated methods to assess the risk inside a bank. These methods should also better identify the capital requirement considering the risk inside a bank (Katz, 2001). BASEL II is applicable for all international banks including tiers that belong to the group. So it has an application on the international level. This includes banks, securities and other financial subsidiaries. It also includes important investments and other financial entities. The Constitution of Basel II The Request of Minimum Capital This request significantly copes with the three important risks including credit risk, operational risk and market risk. To make it simple, the bank still needs to calculate the Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR). It was based on the COOKE ratio for BASEL I and the risk weighted asset of the credit. Now, its based on the DONOUGH ratio for Basel II. In this ratio, it will take into account the three kinds of risks and calculate them with precisions (BCBS, 2004). DONOUGH ratio, MCR % OR Solvency ratio: 8% Capital/risk weighted asset for credit, market and operation. CR for Basel II = Credit risk CR + Market risk CR + Operational risk CR (Choi, 2003). Each type of risk has to have its individual securitization with capital. As the credit risk is the most important risk for a bank, this part will analyze the way the Standard Approach and Internal Rating Based Approach (IRBA) will manage it. Then, it will focus on how the two other types of risk can be managed through the request of minimum capital. The Standard Approach The Standard Approach is nearly the same than in BASEL I for the Minimum Capital Requirement (Capital / risk weighted assets). Only one new risk class 150% has been added, which is reserved for loan taker with a bad credit rating. So it is the basic analysis of credit risk. But the main difference compared with the Standard Approach in BASEL II with BASEL I is, that BASEL II takes into account a wider range of credit risk. This can be viewed with the credit risk mitigation (credit risk reduction) inside a bank will collateral. Banks usually use collateral to reduce the risk of the counterparty (client of the bank). For instance the clients exposure may be reduced thanks to cash, securities or a third party. A bank may also use credit derivatives and SWAP to protect against various forms of credit risks. The Standard Approach is especially good to use for small banks (at least in the beginning), which only have a low degree of risk management. Bigger banks will probably not use this approach, since they have their own internal risk control system (Cluse, 2005). By calculating the Minimum Capital Requirements (MCR) there are two methods to determine the risk weighted assets: Simple method: This method is based on the risk weighted asset of the collateral instrument; i.e. the instrument that hedge the counterparty in case of default. So in this method, the analyst simply substitutes the risk weighted asset of the counterparty by the collaterals one. Comprehensive method: This method is based on both risk weighted asset of the collateral and the counterparty. This is more adequate since it is done proportionally to the amount of exposure. Generally speaking, the better the credit scoring or credit assessment of the collateral, the lower its risk. This reduces the counterpartys risk and the capital requirements. Further that allows a better coverage of credit risks exposure. For example, if the collateral is scored A+ (compared to A-), it will be better f or the counterparty. The main disadvantage of this method is that it may create residual risks or indirect risks even if the main objective is to reduce credit risks. Residual risks are legal, market and operational risks. The Internal Ratings Based Approach IRBA takes into account a lot of variables to assess the credit risk for a bank. This method is much more precise and adequate to determine Minimum Capital Requirement and anticipate the risk. As its a complex method, it has to be approved by the banking supervision before banks can use it. Without entering too deeply into details of the complex formulae, this part will provide an overview of IRBA. This will be useful to analyse the effects of such a method on banks. First, IRBA includes new criteria such as PD (Probability of Default), LGD (Loss Given Default), EAD (Exposure at Default) and M (Maturity). These variables will affect the risk of the counterparty. In addition to this, IRBA is founded on EL (Expected Loss) and UL (Unexpected Loss). These components will also determine the risk of the counterparty. And last but not least, by using IRBA, the asset classes have to be defined. This will determine the nature of the borrower, its potential risk, so it will influence i ts risk weighted assets. The borrower can be classified into 5 ranges of assets: corporate, sovereign, bank, retails and equity. Inside the corporate class, there are sub-classes of specialized lending: PF (Project Finance), OF (Object Finance), CF (Commodities Finance), IPRE (Income Producing Real Estate), HVCRE (High Volatility Commercial Real Estate). These sub-classes also identify the type of risks of the borrower: For example Project Finance is much more risky than an IPRE. Indeed, Project Finance is a way of financing large-scale and long term capital investment such as complex installation. The return on investment and the cash flow for such projects are not sure. Banks repayment is only based on cash flow generated by the project so its risky. A well known Project Finance is the Channel Tunnel. IPRE has a lower risk because cash flow is generated by the property so banks repayment is quite sure. Banks are also allowed to distinguish the size of the company: Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) compared to Multinational Corporations for example. SME generally speaking will have a higher risk than multinational corporate. Indeed, the risk is diversified all over the world for big one (Shapiro, 2006). As risk is higher, the risk-weighted assets will also be higher for the small one. These three types of variables are included with different weight in formulas. Depending also on which IRBA methods a bank used, these three types of variables are treated in a different way. Two IRBA Methods: With Foundation IRBA, the bank calculates its own estimate of PD/ The other variables are supervisory estimates (LGD, EAD and M) With Advanced IRBA, the bank calculates by itself all the necessary estimates: PD, LGD, EAD and M. The Advanced method is more precise than Foundation IRBA so it is the method required for a bank to perfectly manage credit risk. Given all these components and the way there are treated in several formulas, these two methods d etermine precisely the Minimum Capital Requirements. Compared to BASEL I it should better handle the credit risk. These methods were implemented inside banks in 2006/2007 (Banking Financial Services Report 2004). The Control Process of Banking Supervision The control process of banking supervision emphasizes on supervisory revision. It also give methods to deal with other risks a bank has to face such as legal, reputation and name risk. These risks are known as residual risks. Supervisory review helps supervisors inside a bank to determine how well they manage the risk. So supervisors will verify that the first pillar and approaches are efficiently implemented. Supervisors will work with internal auditors too (Singh 2005). Banks should have the right process to adequately measure risks and the Minimum Capital Requirements. Supervisors should evaluate the implementation of the regulatory capital ratios, strategies and the adequacy of capital requirement. They can take actions to improve the situation according to the respective risks. Supervisors should make the bank operate above the Minimum Capital Requirement. The supervisor should take rapid actions, and act quickly to prevent internal failures. (BCBS, 2004) They will check the implementation of the request of minimum capital depending of the three different types of risks a bank has to face: Market risks or interest rate risks: Supervisors need to forecast the losses in case of interest rates fluctuation. They need to be careful especially when the banks economic value decreases by more than 20% of the capital (Tier1 capital + Tier 2 capital). Methods such as gap analysis (comparison of the asset before and after the interest rate changes), static and dynamic simulation (technical simulation to measure potential effects) improve anticipations. Credit risks: Supervisors and other analysts can use stress tests to check the adequacy between the Minimum Capital Requirements and an unexpected bad event. Thanks to stress tests, they check how well pillar 1 has been implemented. This method will help to identify credit risk concentration (Dempster 2002) (exposure with large potential losses). Operational risks: Supervisors should check if the capital for operational risk is sufficient for the bank. They should compare it with the same size or type of banks (Thoraval Duchateau 2003). Extended Disclosure Extended disclosure is based on market discipline. This is a list of relevant information to anticipate and assess every type of risk inside the bank. It is like a big summary providing quantitative and qualitative information about the different kind of risks and their importance inside the bank. As this piece of information has to be published regularly, it improves banks transparency (Sigrist 2004). This disclosure is divided into two parts a general and a specific part. The basic part organizes the disclosure of equity, scope, and taken risks in general. The special part goes into detail in which way the disclosure has be done and handles mitigation techniques and securitization of internal approaches as IRBA and therefore it has to be in order with the (future) reporting standards. This process will only be performed on the highest aggregation level a bank. The Impact of Basel II on the Planning and Implementation of Banking Regulation and Supervision Capital Regulation and Promote Implementation of the New Capital Accord The Implementation of Capital Regulation Requirement In 2008, the CBRC put priority on urging commercial banks to meet the CAR requirement in a bid to enhance their risk resilience. Firstly, the CBRC formed synergy with government agencies, regulatory authorities and commercial banks to enhance the capital adequacy at commercial banks and to push forward their risk resolution. Secondly, the CBRC urged commercial banks to take initiatives for capital injection. Various actions were taken to encourage banks to build stronger capital base, including organizing seminars, issuing regulatory documents, and adopting the CAR requirement as the precondition for new business license. As a result, commercial banks made remarkable efforts to replenish capital by issuing new shares, cutting down on risk assets, increasing reserves, as well as writing-off bad loans. Thirdly, the CBRC pressed commercial banks to improve capital-based operation, strengthen capital constraint, and strike a balance between businesses growth and capital adequacy. Last but not the least, the CBRC encouraged banks to explore diversified capital replenishment channels (Figure ). The CBRC continued to support commercial banks to replenish tier-2 capital through issuing subordinated debt, and encouraged banks to explore new types of capital vehicles such as innovative hybrid tier-1 capital bonds and stripped convertible corporate bonds, for the purpose of gradually improving the framework for commercial banks capital replenishment. The CBRC set strict capital requirement pursuant to prudential regulatory principle. Firstly, the CBRC sets strict limit on the proportion of tier-2 capital, adequacy ratio of core capital, and subscription of subordinated bonds by nonbank financial institutions. Secondly, commercial banks that engaged in cross-sector and cross-border businesses were required to maintain a higher level of capital. Thirdly, the CBRC has also strengthened the examinations on loan migrati on and asset swaps to ensure capital adequacy ratio has been calculated accurately. By the end of 2008, the assets of banks that met the CAR requirement accounted for 99.9 percent of the total assets of the banking industry. All major commercial banks have satisfied minimum capital requirement. This symbolized a historical breakthrough in the development of the Chinas banking sector. PICTURE In September 2008, in order to urge the large commercial banks to prepare for the New Capital Accord (the request of minimum capital in Basel II) implementation, the CBRC issued the first batch of regulations for carrying out the New Capital Accord. In formulating the implementation scheme for the New Capital Accord, the CBRC took into account the reality of the Chinas banking industry, and prioritized the objectives of enhancing banks risk management and improving its own regulatory capacities. The CBRC worked out guiding principles for the implementation, took into consideration the l atest developments of the New Capital Accord. During 2008, drawing upon the local market practice, the CBRC identified some weaknesses in the implementation process of the New Capital Accord which were revealed in the global financial crisis. On top of this, the CBRC further promoted the implementation initiative, and launched extensive rule-making efforts for the implementation. In September 2008, the CBRC issued the first batch of five supervisory guidance on the implementation of the New Capital Accord, namely the Guidance on Risk Exposures Classification of Commercial Banks, the Guidance on Supervision of Internal Rating System of Commercial Banks, the Guidance on Capital Charge for Specialized Lending of Commercial Banks, the Guidance on Implementing Risk Mitigation in Basel II by Commercial Banks, and the Guidance on Capital Charge for Operational Risk of Commercial Banks. The second batch of supervision guidance is expected to be available shortly. In order to provide g uidance for the banks preparation to implement the New Capital Accord, the CBRC has established a designated project team to carry out in-depth research, such as, risk management of specialized loans, measurement of the New Capital Accord s quantitative impact, liquidity risk management and supervision, methods and efficiency of cross-border supervision under the New Capital Accord, interest rate risk management, and information disclosure. In the meantime, the CBRC has attached great importance to international cooperation and exchange, and invited experts from the IMF, the Basel Committee and international commercial banks to jointly explore solutions for technical issues. Furthermore, the project team has dispatched more than 20 experts to attend a series of international seminars on the New Capital Accord, so as to keep abreast with the implementation progress of the New Capital Accord overseas. Large commercial banks have made significant progress and achieved early outcomes with regard to preparation for the New Capital Accord implementation under the CBRCs support. Among the seven pilot banks, six of them have developed their internal rating systems that could cover most of their credit assets, with the coverage ratio ranging from 60 percent at the minimum and 100 percent at the maximum. Also, six of them have established debtor rating system for corporate risk exposures; four banks started the development of debt rating system; three banks completed the internal rating system for retail risk exposures. All of the seven banks have set up market risk management framework; three banks are capable of calculating VAR on a daily basis, and conducting day-to-day stress-testing. The internal rating systems for corporate risk exposure of six banks have started to function in the processes of credit review and approval, risk monitoring and limit setting. Meanwhile, infrastructure construction of commercial banks data management and IT system has been constant ly improved. Four banks have established unified, company-wide database that can perform automatic collection of data. Two banks have built up multi-layered data warehouse. Supervision on Corporate Governance and Internal Control The CBRC further urged commercial banks to improve corporate governance as the cornerstone for sound business growth. Firstly, the CBRC tried to advocate best practices by setting rules and regulations. In 2008, the CBRC conducted a specific study on in small and medium-sized commercial banks corporate governance, based on which, the CBRC worked out the Opinions on Further Improving the Corporate Governance of Small and Medium-sized Commercial Banks. Secondly, the CBRC took initiatives to address the prominent problems in the corporate governance of banking institutions. For example, the banking institutions have been required to further improve board election, optimize equity structure and standardize shareholders behaviors. Thirdly, the CBRC has urged banking institutions to improve incentive scheme and required them to set up a prudent equity incentive structure, reasonably decrease the senior managers remuneration level and introduce appropriate incentive systems for senior man agement and staff. Fourthly, the CBRC further improved its market entry control on the qualification of banks senior management, via qualification reviews and qualification conversation for the candidates. Fifthly, the CBRC urged foreign banks to strengthen the responsibilities of the board of directors within their locally incorporated entities, and enhance their independence. The CBRC has also strengthened oversight on foreign banks related-party transactions, for the purpose of effectively avoiding conflicts of interests with their parent banks and shareholders. Lastly, the CBRC guided the joint-stock reform of the CDB, urged the CDB to establish and improve corporate governance structure and gradually transform from a policy bank to a commercial bank with the establishment of modern operating procedures and robust internal controls. The CBRC continued its efforts in urging banks to establish and optimize internal control framework and pushing forward the transformation to SBU -based banks. Firstly, the CBRC directed banking institutions to accelerate SBU-based restructuring. Banks have further improved their institutional framework and business procedures to achieve better efficiency and quality of bank service. Secondly, the CBRC has provided guidance for banking institutions to enhance internal control mechanisms. Banks have been urged to constantly nurture their compliance culture, improve the internal control mechanism including self-discipline and checks-and-balances. Thirdly, the CBRC required stronger accountability system. Through the enforcement of accountability system, the critical role of board of directors and senior managers in risk management could be highlighted so as to ensure effectiveness of internal controls. Supervision of Credit Risk The CBRC required commercial banks to further prevent risks arising from cross-sector business between the banking sector and the capital market, identified illegal credit funding to the stock market, and penalized the rule-breaking institutions. Banks were strictly forbidden to provide guarantee for corporate bonds and client-based derivatives trading, thus preventing financial risks from spreading from the debt market and other markets to the credit market. Moreover, the CBRC has improved consolidated supervision of large commercial banks and strengthened oversight of cross-border and cross-sector risks. The CBRC has urged commercial banks to optimize credit portfolio in compliance with macroeconomic policies. The CBRC is also highly alert to the adverse influence of policy shifts on banks credit quality, and has intensified the monitoring on the volume and migration of bad loans. The CBRC also traced and analyzed the trend of the risk profile on a monthly basis, and carefully examined credit risk of each individual industry. The CBRC put emphasis on overseeing the growth of credit to the real estate sector. Following the joint notice with PBOC, namely the Notice on Strengthening the Management of the Credit Extension to Real Estate on Commercial Basis and the Supplementing Notice on Strengthening the Management of the Credit Extension to Real Estate on Commercial Basis. The CBRC further adjusted and fine-tuned policies on property development loans and housing consumption loans. On top of the more strict management of property development loans, favorable terms were granted to first home buyers, while the lending terms for investment, real estate on commercial basis or for the second home purchase were tightened as the down payment and mortgage rate were raised above the benchmark. Following these moves, the CBRC issued the Notice of China Banking Regulatory Commission on Further Improving the Credit Risk Management in the Real Estate Industry, which ar ticulated clear requirements to commercial banks on the risk management of their property loan business. The CBRC conducted onsite examinations on default cases of some major property developers, and identified the problem of fake documents in some real estate transactions. The CBRC also urged commercial banks to carry out stress test specifically for property loan, and to adopt risk control measures according to the result, such as increasing loan loss reserves or adjusting business plan and strategy. The CBRC required commercial banks to implement strict policy for credit issuance, enforce rigid process and procedures for loan review and approval, reinforce compliance examination, and prevent risks resulting from misconducts. Firstly, banks were prohibited to provide bundled loans. Secondly, the revolving of project loans was also rigidly forbidden. Thirdly, banks should not grant any forms of funding to manufacturing industry projects before they obtain formal approvals from r elevant authorities. Last but not the least, banks were strictly forbidden to securitize NPLs and develop zero-return REITS. The CBRC has repeatedly recognized commercial banks to adjust client and asset structures to optimize the allocation of funding resources. Special focus has been on enhancing their management of credit granting to group clients, for the purpose of guarding against risk concentration. At the same time, the CBRC has set strict cap for concentration limit, namely maximum 10 percent for a single client and maximum 15 percent for one group client. It has also encouraged syndicated lending or bond issuance to fund large corporate client. The CBRC has further improved its system for monitoring large NPLs. It has intensified dynamic monitoring, analysis and control of NPLs occurrence, provisioning allocation, collection and write-off. Meanwhile, measures have been taken to improve credit default information disclosure and sharing, broaden monitoring scope of cus tomer information, and realize information sharing of local database and national database for customer risk monitoring and risk warning within the CBRC system. The CBRC has made a significant breakthrough in propelling commercial banks to improve the disposal of NPLs and the write-off of bad debt. Commercial banks have been urged to proactively deal with impaired assets by means of collection, auction, or write-off, and to increase provision coverage. In 2008, banking institutions made significant progress in the write-off of bad loans and build-up of stronger provisions. The ratio and stock of NPLs of banking institutions realized double-decline. By the end of 2008, the amount of commercial banks NPLs was RMB560.3 billion, down by RMB708.2 billion within one year; and the NPL ratio dropped to 2.4 percent, down by 3.75 percentage points during the same period. Supervision of Market Risk Based on prudential regulatory principle, the CBRC further encouraged banking institutions to strengthen market risk management, improved the analysis, reporting, contingency plans, and management scheme for new products and business with regard to market risk. Banks have been required to clearly distinguish banking account and trading account, have in place effective measures and systems to identify, measure, monitor and control market risk, increase independent pricing capacity and improve market risk management framework. Due to the financial turmoil, interest rates and exchange rates were extremely volatile and the market environment has severely deteriorated. At the beginning of 2007 when the sub-prime crisis emerged, the CBRC immediately established a designated taskforce, and developed a monthly monitoring scheme to analyze risks arising from sub-prime investment. In 2008, the sub-prime crisis evolved into a global financial crisis. TheInternational Financial Turmoil Emer gency Group was promptly founded by the CBRC to actively lead and urge commercial banks to enhance risk management and control. In order to prevent risk contagions, the CBRC has required commercial banks to improve risk prevention awareness, and optimize risk management for foreign currency assets and liabilities. Firstly, a mark-to-market arrangement dedicated to risk arising from foreign currency assets was established to closely track market movements. Secondly, commercial banks were asked to pay close attention to losses in trading with high-risk global banking institutions, and adjust credit risk exposure to overseas correspondent banks. Thirdly, portfolio structure of foreign currency bonds should be adjusted with proper timing. Fourthly, banks were encouraged to actively protect asset by using legal methods. Last but not the least, banks were required to timely, truthfully and accurately disclose the performance of client-based QDII business and the impact of the turmoil o n the operation and financial positions, to guard against reputational risk. Supervision of Operational Risk The CBRC issued the Guidance on Regulatory Capital Measurement for Commercial Banks Operational Risk, which clarified the requirements on banks to calculate capital for operational risk under the New Capital Accord, pressing commercial banks to improve operational risk management and ensure sound business operation. I309 fraud cases were discovered within banking institutions, a reduction of 129 cases and a decline of 29 percent compared in 2008. Among these cases, the number of large cases involving a value of more than RMB1 million was 89, a reduction of 37 cases or 29 percent on a year-on-year basis. The total value involved in bank fraud cases was RMB1.07 billion, among which large cases with value over 1 million recorded an amount of RMB0.98 billion, down by RMB0.75 billion and RMB0.72 billion respectively. The average occurrence of bank frauds was dropping close to a moderate level. At the end of 2008, the CBRC established the Bureau of Criminal Investigation (Bureau of Ba nking Security), which is specialized in fraud investigation, prevention and control, and security management of the banking institutions. Referring to IT risk supervision, the CBRC has improved its regulations on IT risks. In April 2008, the Notice of China Banking Regulatory Commission on Implementing the Provisional Rules Governing Contingency Management of Key Information Systems in the Banking System was issued, bringing IT risk into the overall risk management framework of banks. It clearly defined the emergency management responsibility of the board, senior management, IT risk management department, business department and technology department of banks respectively for technology risk incidents, and reinforced the risk prevention, emergency response and safeguard requirements to ensure the continuity of bank operation and services. The CBRC launched the special campaign of Safeguarding Olympics on bank IT system, which included establishing the joint-work mechanism wit h PBOC and CSRC for emergency management. The CBRC arranged specific self-checking programs on banks IT risk, and piloted comprehensive inspection for banks key IT systems and devices. In addition, by taking emergency response fire drill for the Beijing Olympic Games, banks significantly improved their own ability of emergency management. All systems of banks operated in a stable and smooth manner during the Beijing Olympic Games. The CBRC enhanced off-site surveillance for IT risk. Tailoring to the features of IT risk, the CBRC raised supervisory requirements by issuing a series of 12 IT risk guidances. Supervision of Liquidity Risk The increasing volatility in the capital markets, the real estate market, as well as the impact of monetary policy resulted in a rapid change of banking liquidity. The CBRC constantly required commercial banks to strengthen liquidity risk management. Firstly, commercial banks were advised to raise liquidity risk awareness. Through periodic econ omic situation briefings and offsite surveillance reports, the CBRC promptly informed banking institutions of overall bank risk profile. It organized commercial banks to conduct comprehensive training on liquidity risk management, and implement stress-testing and take preventive measures. Secondly, commercial banks were encouraged to optimize their asset liability management. Through the review of internal organizational structure for liquidity management, banks were expected to clearly divide responsibilities, streamline management process, improve efficiency in fund clearing and transfer, refine the risk monitoring system and strengthen the liquidity risk management. Thirdly, banks were urged to strengthen liquidity management in foreign currency, and maintain adequate liquidity positions in foreign currency reserves in order to survive market fluctuations. In response to the potential liquidity difficulties which might occur to the parent bank of some foreign banks and potenti al impact on their local operations, the CBRC proposed a regulatory plan including early-warning, reporting, risk assessment, and emergency measures to deal with emergencies, with a view to preventing and managing liquidity risk of individual foreign bank in a timely and effective manner, and safeguarding sound operations of the banking sector. As required by the central government, the CBRC acted as a leading agency in the joint-ministry efforts to fight against illegal fund-raising activities. The CBRC played an active role in promoting the issuance of laws and policies regarding anti-illegal fund-raising by legislative and judicial bureaus. Based on in-depth research and extensive solicitation of opinions, the CBRC led the work in formulating the Provisional Working Procedure to Address the Illegal Fund-raising Activities, and compiled the Handbook to Address the Illegal Fund-raising Activities. Meanwhile, the CBRC further promoted a joint-ministry committee to tackle illegal fund-raising, intensified supervision on prevention. On the one hand, the CBRC focused on material cases and took active and appropriate measures. On the other hand, the CBRC conducted a series of publicity and education campaigns to raise public awareness of risk prevention. Remarkable progress was made in fighting against illegal fund-raising activities. A few nation-wide material cases that involved a huge amount of funds and significant number of people were duly resolved. Serious complaints were handled appropriately.